If you are wondering whether the decaffeination process itself is safe, the answer is yes. It is true that some decafs lose some brightness in the decaffeination process but it depends on the process chosen, the beans and the quality of the process. 5 out of 5 Stars. 4. It's just one of the many delicious decaf ground coffees from Gevalia. Best medium roast – Tunbridge Wells Coffee Roastery decaf coffee: £8. Sweet Espresso Crema, Almond Notes. 0 brewing systems ; All our decaf single serve pods use slow roasted, snap cooled beans to lock in flavor and aroma ; Each decaffeinated coffee K Cup is great for those keeping. Swiss Water Decaf Process: One of the more popular methods you may come across is the Swiss Water decaf option. Our swedish coffee. Insomnia. 3. Gevalia, Kaffe, Ground Coffee, House Blend Decaf, 12oz Bag (Pack of 2) by Gevalia [Foods] Is Discontinued By Manufacturer : . See moreIt is a complex process that requires precision and expertise. This process uses water to extract the caffeine from the coffee beans, leaving behind the coffee’s flavor. Gevalia Signature Mild Blend – Best Light roast Decaf K cups. $39. Gevalia, Kaffe, Ground Coffee, House Blend Decaf, 12Oz Bag (Pack Of 2) Shipping, arrives in 3+ days. 1. Coffee should be brewed using water at 195 F to 205 F. If you're a decaffeinated coffee drinker, the Clean Label Project suggests you should consider speaking to your doctor, calling your favorite brand to inquire about their decaffeination process, and looking for claims on product packaging such as solvent-free, chemical-free, Swiss-water, or certified organic. 5oz. K-Cups 80 Count. Tassimo Carte Noire Lor Espresso Decaffeinated Coffee Discs 16 Servings. 5 percent of the caffeine removed. – Rich, Full-bodied Flavor. Tastes like. 0 models ;Circumstances that may cause the filter basket to overflow or the coffee maker to brew slowly include excessive amounts of ground coffee or a grind that’s too fine. The water process is simple: With a combination of water, time, and a carbon filtration system, green coffee beans are soaked and essentially “washed,” while caffeine is. Much like the Swiss Water Process, having a kosher symbol is value added to the consumer so it will be on the bag if its Kosher. Open: Unfold the closure tabs, unroll the top and pull the bag apart. We proudly keep Methylene Chloride and Ethyl Acetate out of our facility and away from your coffee. Stone Street Coffee Company is an artisanal coffee roaster based in Brooklyn, New York. These chemicals are essentially circulated through the green coffee, in order to dissolve and then extract the caffeine. 35 $ 39. Now $ 1599. Ground coffee comes in convenient, single-serve K-cups that are designed for. co. Gevalia Ground Coffee’s fresh lock tin tie keeps in exquisite coffee taste until you’re ready to awaken your senses this holiday season. 78. Slowly add water over the grounds; stir. 1 What is the best gevalia decaf coffee ground to buy? 1. Gevalia Coffee on Twitter: “@Artistlike Our process is called Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Decaffeination This. uk. The perfect choice for decaf drinkers who want a full-bodied, flavorful cup of coffee. Gevalia Ground Coffee’s fresh lock tin tie keeps in. Fabula Decaf Coffee. One 30. Tastes like the real thing without the caffeine! Full body with a deep, rich, chocolaty flavor and a clean finish. It involves soaking the beans several times, filtering the water, and the result is a cleaner, chemical free bean, which retains much more of its unique flavor and aroma characteristics. It is foolishly easy to make using their two-step brewing process. OUR BEANS: Our decaf K-Cups coffee is crafted from 100% Arabica coffee beans sourced from around the world ; COMPATIBILITY: Gevalia Coffee K-Cups are compatible with all Keurig 1. A smooth, medium-bodied blend. The lack of chemicals compared to the other popular methods also makes it a more earth-friendly option. comOur beans are slow roasted and snap cooled to lock in a nutty flavor. $1. 99 $ 11. Most McCafé packaged coffees are available in K-cup pods and ground bags. 9 percent of the caffeine in your coffee. Lifeboost low acid organic coffee is available through Amazon, but I highly recommend buying directly from the brand. With this method, the flavors of the coffee beans are untouched in the water mixture and the beans are able to absorb. All decaf coffee still has some residual level of caffeine, but none of. 98/count) Typical: $37. Hold handle with one hand, while slowly pressing down plunger with other hand. The decaffeination process includes leaving the coffee’s flavor and aroma behind by using water to extract the caffeine from the beans. Jo Coffee, No Fun Jo Decaf. Our advanced freeze-drying and decaffeinating process retains the deep coffee flavors and aromas of the fresh Arabica beans, resulting in a. Always rich, never bitter Swedish coffee from Gevalia. It is a complex process that requires precision and expertise. Gevalia Traditional Mild Roast Whole Bean Coffee, 12 oz. Leave out on counter 24 hours, then decant into carafe. That's why we only use the Swiss Water® process to decaffeinate our 100% Hawaiian Coffee. Gevalia Medium Roast Columbia Arabica Ground Coffee, 12 oz. Here are examples of how much you are getting per day. Swiss Water decaf not only provides a flavorful brew that is 99. 7750 Beedie Way. 40ml Decaffeinato Intenso, which tastes closer to Nespresso’s original range of decaf flavours from before their current crop. Here's our latest video explaining how we do what we do, and what makes your Swiss Water® decaf taste so great. Our decaf K Cups coffee is crafted from 100% Arabica coffee beans sourced from around the world ; Gevalia Coffee K Cups are compatible with all Keurig 1. Personalized health review for Gevalia Ground Coffee, Decaf House Blend: 0 calories, nutrition grade (A minus), problematic ingredients, and more. - $8. Best Value: Maxim Mocha Gold Coffee. Slowly add water over the grounds; stir. 89 ($1. • One 12 oz bag of Gevalia House Blend. It uses Green Coffee Extract (GCE) which is simply a fresh water solution of all of the water-soluble components in green (ie: unroasted) coffee beans except for caffeine. 12oz coarse ground coffee, 10 cups water. Tassimo Carte Noire Lor Espresso Decaffeinated Coffee Discs 16 Servings. Fair Trade Organic Black Knight Water-Processed Decaf Compostable Envipods, Dark Roast, Kosher | 72 Count for Keurig K Cup Brewers | Not for use in Ninja or Hamilton Beach Brewers. Decaf coffee or decaffeinated coffee, is coffee that has had most of its caffeine content removed. 8 mg per shot, while the decaf coffee had 12–13. 7. Stir and sweeten to taste. 1. Our Signature Blend is a smooth, medium-bodied decaf coffee. The rich and bright flavor lends itself to decaf cold drip coffee and decaf cappuccinos, as well. While it’s not perfect, it’s a big step towards a circular system of use and reuse, not to mention. 500+ bought in past month. Medium roast coffee has an exceptionally rich and smooth flavor. Years of blending and tasting expertise have culminated in this smooth, medium-bodied blend. To help make your search as simple as possible, we've compiled a list of most popular "mold free" coffee's including Bulletproof, Peak Performance, Isagenix, Kicking Horse, and our v. 5 out of 5 stars 2,679Gevalia Coffee on Twitter: “@Artistlike Our process is called Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Decaffeination This special process uses natural CO2, like in soda water” / Twitter. You can opt for home delivery or get coffee through big box store chains. Yes, Starbucks decaf is really decaf. 9% caffeine free and uses water (no chemicals whatsoever) to decaffeinate the beans. Decaffeinated coffee makes up about 12% of the current consumer market,. Medium Espresso Dark Roast Ground Coffee, 12 Oz $7. 69 ($1. 68. Refused to say. The 6 decaffeinated coffee products had detectable levels of methylene chloride above 90 parts per billion were: AmazonFresh Decaffeinated Colombia. This process only uses water to remove up to 99. A surprising number of coffee brands use chemical decaffeination processes including Methylene Chloride, the main ingredient in paint stripper, even though chemical free alternatives exist. Koffee Kult, Colombian Decaf Coffee. The hot water is in contact with coffee grounds for seconds rather than minutes, which results in less extraction. The caffeine molecules stick to the carbon leaving "decaffeinated water". This water is run through a filter that takes. Allegro Organic Decaf Blend Medium Dark $18. bag of Gevalia House Blend Medium Roast Ground Coffee. 40 ($0. Java House Decaf Cold Brew Coffee Pods, 6 Count. Drip coffee contains as much as 165 mg per 8-ounce cup. You can opt for home delivery or get coffee through big box store chains. This is a patent. Canada V4G 0A5Subtle Earth Organic Water Process Decaf. Gevalia Decaf House Blend Ground Coffee fills your mug with rich and never-bitter medium roast coffee. 2 Decaffeinated coffee production. 99 $37. Carrying on the legacy of Gevalia founder Victor Theodor Engwall, our coffee buyers travel the globe in search of the best beans available. 402. 4. Gevalia Signature Blend Coffee K-Cup Coffee Pods, 24. The Swiss Water method sees the beans soaked with water; the caffeine rich solution (full. A generous portion of our freshly roasted coffee that. 9% caffeine free. 2) The Direct–Solvent Based Process. Pickup Delivery 3+ day shipping. 99. 6 x 2. Price, high to low. Flavored & green teas & soft drinks: 15 to 71 mg caffeine. Once again, the water draws out all of the caffeine, but at the same time, the rich coffee flavor from the original batch of beans is infused with the new beans through the water. Decaffeinated drinks contain typically 1–2% of the original caffeine content, and sometimes as much as 20%. Another indirect decaffeination process involves the use of charcoal and carbon. The hot water is in contact with coffee grounds for seconds rather than minutes, which results in less extraction. Gevalia Decaf Signature Blend Single Origin K‐Cup® Coffee Pods fill your mug with rich and never-bitter light roast coffee. 04/ounce) When purchased online. Not only does Swiss. 11: £7. With this process, green coffee is soaked in liquid carbon dioxide at a pressure of up to 300 atmospheres. The Clean Label Project says these. COFFEE FOR EVERYBODY - sustainably sourced and Proudly Roasted, Blended, and Packaged. 99 $ 14. Decaf House Blend. Nor chemicals. 9% of the caffeine from the coffee beans. BLACK SATIN intense flavor & full body, brews up bright and spicy. We use only water, temperature, and time to gently remove caffeine, while preserving all the coffee’s original characteristics. Swiss Water Decaf Coffee is decaffeinated using a 99. Yesterday I ordered my first bag of ground Swiss Water coffee. 7 ¢/oz. While it's true that no decaffeination process can remove all caffeine from a coffee bean, coffee decaffeinated with the Swiss Water® Process leaves our facility 99. First, green beans are soaked in hot water or steamed so that the pores on the beans open up, priming them for decaffeination. Minimally processed products usually contain a very short ingredient list. DECAFFEINATED USING THE CHEMICAL-FREE SWISS WATER PROCESS. Does Gevalia make decaf K cups?Decaf Done Differently: Every Peet’s decaf is naturally water processed to remove caffeine—not flavor—before meticulous roasting. Just added to your cart. 69 $35. Starbucks decaf coffee is made using a process called Swiss Water Process (SWP) or through the use of carbon dioxide (CO2) method. Swiss Water Decaf Process Decadent Decaf only uses swiss water process decaffeinated coffee beans, which are certified 99. Best Flavored Instant Coffee: Cusa Tea & Coffee Vanilla Dark Roast. First, coffee beans are soaked in hot water to "dissolve" caffeine, however, sugars and other flavor compounds in coffee also dissolve into the water. Grinding whole beans just before brewing produces better-tasting coffee. Our seal means you’re getting the very best cup of decaf, free of chemicals or residual processing flavors. Founded in Gavle, Sweden in 1853, Gevalia K Cup coffee pods are made from globally sourced 100%. Darker roasts highlight notes of: Toast, bitter cocoa and nuts. Coffee Companies. The coffee beans are then dried to their originating moisture level and re-bagged. Each 12-ounce bag of decaf medium roast ground coffee is great for those keeping Kosher. Our full-flavored ground beans can be used in all coffee makers. Certifications can tell you if the coffee is suitable for consumption under religious laws, and they can tell you whether a coffee is part of an empowering economic supply chain. Coffee Product Name. 99 ($0. 81. 9% Caffeine-Free. pemx9280gr (447) 100%. ) decaffeination is a natural process that maintains the integrity of green-coffee flavor Ethyl acetate occurs naturally in many fruits, which is why this method is often referred to as natural decaffeination. Black tea: 40 to 120 mg caffeine. Our batch sizes start at 9,600 lbs. If you want the healthiest (and tastiest) decaf coffee, look no further than Swiss Water decaf. Watch on Discover our sustainable water decaffeination process for great tasting, chemical-free and caffeine-free coffee. 99-9. WATER-BASED PROCESS We don’t need chemicals to drink decaffeinated coffee! Water-based decaffeination processes use water and rely on time and temperature. So, the question of does decaf still have caffeine is yes it does, but the amount varies depending on the source. 2. 99. This mild, sweet, rich and smoot h Colombian Supremo has a medium body, pleasant acidity, citrus notes, and a very smooth cocoa toned finish with low acidity. 5 ¢/ea. brewing size. Gevalia Dark Italian Roast Coffee - Extra Bold - T Discs for Tassimo Brewers (1pack) Disc 12 Count. Deals. An 8 oz. Try Gevalia Ground Coffee and experience 150 years of Swedish tradition. 5. Leave out on counter 24 hours, then decant into carafe. 9% caffeine free, 100% Chemical-Free, and with all the great taste and flavor of regular coffee. /4,350 kg with no maximum size. Keurig Coffee Pods. There’s also a third, lesser used. A “direct solvent method” can be used, which will employ either Methylene Chloride or Ethyl Acetate. Whole Bean 12 Ounce (Pack of 1) 4. 89 ($1. Trapper Creek is available in bags of two sizes, 12 ounces or 5 pounds. To summarize, It’s all about the GCE, or Green Coffee Extract. Gevalia Ground Coffee’s fresh lock tin tie keeps in. Each 12-ounce bag of decaf medium roast ground coffee is great for those keeping Kosher. DELICIOUS Organic Decaf Coffee Water Process Chemical-Free Medium Roasted Peru Coffee Whole Beans 12oz. Always rich, never bitter Swedish coffee from Gevalia. Methylene Chloride is an active ingredient in paint stripper that was recently banned by the EPA. This charcoal or carbon process is often called "Swiss water process" (developed by a Swiss company). 2K+ bought in past month. One of the biggest downsides of decaf coffee is that chemical decaffeination can result in a chemically tasting, lackluster cup. 60, Ravecoffee. Gevalia Fqejlz House Blend Coffee, Decaf, Medium Roast, Ground, 12 Oz (3 Pack) Available for 3+ day shipping 3+ day shipping Gevalia Signature Blend Decaf (12-Count Box) (Pack Of 6) (Retail Packaging)Coffee is able to suppress the infection with SARS-CoV-2 variants. 327 4. What brand of coffee uses the Swiss Water Decaf process? The Kona coffee by Koa Coffee is Swiss Water decaffeinated. Gevalia Signature Blend Decaf Mild Light Roast K-Cup Coffee Pods, 12 ct Box. About this item. You might have thought that decaffeinated coffee meant caffeine-free, but you’d be sadly mistaken. Find quality beverages products to add to your Shopping List or order online for Delivery or Pickup. 56 +$6. Decaffeination processes using carbon dioxide (CO2) differ in their details. The coffee beans are first soaked in water to loosen the caffeine molecules. Bag. How is Gevalia decaf coffee processed? The decaffeination process used by GEVALIA® is a natural process called "Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Decaffeination". These brands include Death Wish Coffee Company, SToK, Puroast, and Café Altura. A K-cup contains 75 to 150 mg of caffeine per 8-ounce cup Drip. Gevalia Frothy 2-Step Pumpkin Spice Latte Espresso K-Cup Coffee Pods & Froth Packets Kit, 6 ct Box 18 4. Origin: Yirgacheffe region. Gevalia Coffee on Twitter: “@Artistlike Our process is called Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Decaffeination This special process uses natural CO2, like in soda water” / Twitter. Founded in Gavle, Sweden in 1853, Gevalia House Blend Decaf Ground Coffees are made from arabica beans sourced from around the world Our full-flavored ground beans can be used in all coffee makers. Ethyl acetate (E. Gevalia was founded in 1853 in Sweden and soon enough became the largest coffee roastery in Scandinavia. Some decaffeination processes, such as the premium Swiss Water Process, which uses water (no chemicals) to decaffeinate the coffee is certified 99. 1K+ bought in past month. 7% amount of caffeine removed. 7 out of 5 stars 65. 9% caffeine free and uses water (no chemicals whatsoever) to decaffeinate the beans. 2K. Coffee should be brewed using water at 195 F to 205 F. $8. 9 percent caffeine. With regards to this,. There is an alternative water-based process that doesn’t require. The water is then filtered and reused, meaning that no. * The used carbon dioxide and caffeine are then mixed with water at reduced pressure. With this process, green coffee is soaked in liquid carbon dioxide at a pressure of up to 300 atmospheres. 5oz. Allegro Coffee Decaf Whole Foods Blend: Any sweetness this coffee had was masked by a burnt wood flavor. The process involves the following steps: Green Coffee Beans Start with organic. Stone Street Mayan Water Decaf. 24 - cup) Cupping Evaluation. . Pickup Delivery 1-day shipping. There are 150 years of Swedish craftsmanship brewed into this medium house blend roast coffee, delivering a complex, medium bodied flavor with caramel undertones. Stumptown uses the Swiss Water Process to decaffeinate the coffee, which is generally the most popular and trusted method. Gevalia Kaffe Decaffeinated House Blend. Our beans are slow roasted and snap cooled to lock in subtle caramel and citrus flavors. Nongshim Gourmet Spicy Shin Instant Ramen Noodle, 20 Pack, Chunky Vegetables, Premium Microwaveable Ramen Soup Mix, Savory & Rich. Try Gevalia Ground Coffee and experience 150 years of Swedish tradition. 1 #1 Best Free Keyword Research Tool For 2020! 2 Best Gevalia Decaf Coffee Ground Reviews;. In fact, it is so fresh that the oils are still visible on the bean. 9% caffeine free cup that is truly delicious! Now in a Single Brew™ RECYCLABLE* K-Cup® Compatible Cups that are freshly roasted, precisely ground and packaged at the peak of freshness. "Third-party certifications provide a level of reliability and trust to supply chains that many coffee drinkers want," says Swiss Water Director of Coffee Mike Strumpf. Founded in Gavle, Sweden in 1853, Gevalia K Cup. Grounds brew in commercial or small coffee brewers. Don’t Miss: Is There Caffeine In Snapple. Folgers Decaf Coffee is made with 100% Arabica beans and is decaffeinated. Pour coffee grounds into the French Press. Smucker Company. Our patented Swiss Water Process® Decaf. It is true that some decafs lose some brightness in the decaffeination process but it depends on the process chosen, the beans and the quality of the process. “@Artistlike Our process is called Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Decaffeination. Roaster: Gevalia. Does Gevalia coffee make a decaf? Founded in Gavle, Sweden in 1853, Gevalia House Blend Decaf Ground Coffees are made from Arabica beans sourced from around. Founded in Gavle, Sweden in 1853, Gevalia House Blend Decaf Ground Coffees are made from Arabica beans sourced from. 5 Pounds. Lifeboost Organic Decaf Coffee Beans – Best Overall; 2. Swiss Water decaf not only provides a flavorful brew that is 99. 00 for Alaska and Hawaii. Gevalia FQeJLz House Blend Coffee, Decaf, Medium Roast, Ground, 12 Oz (3 Pack) Ground · 12 Ounce (Pack of 3) 4. No buzz, all the flavor. Buy products such as Gevalia Frothy 2-Step Cappuccino Espresso KCup Coffee Pods & Froth Packets Kit, 6 ct. The SWP is the most common method used by Starbucks, and it involves the following steps: Green Coffee: High-quality, unroasted green coffee beans are selected and prepared for processing. But you would never know your decaf used chemicals because they're not on the label. As mentioned, Swiss Water can, and does, decaffeinate coffees from almost every origin, preserving the. Many people here in r/coffee loves decaf, and there are recommendations of decaffeinated coffee that is undistinguishable from caffeinated. Starbucks Decaf House Blend $12. 9% caffeine free and uses only water (no chemicals) to decaffeinate the. Gevalia beans are slow roasted, snap cooled to lock in flavor and aroma. When just 100 mg per day is enough to create withdrawal symptoms, it’s no wonder Americans are so dependent on caffeine. Tools. NO FUN JO DECAF: 12 oz, Organic Decaf Coffee, Whole Bean, Swiss Water Process, Fair Trade Certified, Medium Dark Roast, 100% Arabica Coffee, Certified Organic, Chemical Free Gluten Free, Decaf Espresso. 43 with Subscribe & Save discountNO FUN JO DECAF: 12 oz, Organic Decaf Coffee, Whole Bean, Swiss Water Process, Fair Trade Certified, Medium Dark Roast, 100% Arabica Coffee, Certified Organic, Chemical Free Gluten Free, Decaf Espresso. 79 a gallon). This can be done in several ways, but the best and most natural option (in my humble opinion) is a water-based process, as opposed to those that use chemicals. Most McCafé packaged coffees are available in K-cup pods and ground bags. There are several methods used to decaffeinate coffee, but Gevalia utilizes the Swiss Water process. If you are wondering whether the decaffeination process itself is safe, the answer is yes. Mountain Water Process Decaf Coffee, Dark Roast, Coarse Ground for French Press, Primos Coffee Co, 12 Oz . pippx • 11 yr. non-flavored. The coffee beans are first immersed in hot water to extract their caffeine and flavorful components. M. Deals. All Grounds for Change decaf coffee is decaffeinated using a water process that is chemical free and maintains the organic certification of our coffee. All four methods are safe , and once the caffeine is removed (well, at least 97% of it), the beans are washed, steamed, and roasted at temperatures that evaporate the liquids used in decaffeination. USDA Organic products are grown and processed according to standards addressing soil and water quality,. Swiss Water Process. Decaffeinated brewed. 48. Air Quality & Water Purification. The Swiss Water process is a natural and chemical-free method of decaffeination. 1. This Columbian coffee is decaffeinated with water and ethyl acetate (which we mentioned earlier as an industry standard solvent) and finished off with an extra steam bath. The coffee is decaffeinated using the Swiss Water Process, which removes 99. Become a Gevalia insider and get freshly brewed deals in your. Another amazing decaf coffee that you can get for yourself is the Volcanica Coffee Cafe Costa Rica Decaf Tarrazu that is produced from single origin beans and is Swiss Water Processed for decaffeinating. ago. com best-seller list. Gevalia Coffee is a well-known brand that produces high-quality coffee loved by coffee enthusiasts worldwide. Gevalia Morning Roast Coffee (Medium Roast, 12-Ounce Servings), 14-Count T-Discs For Tassimo Coffeemakers (Pack Of 2) $ 1599. Our 12-count box of decaf signature blend coffee pods are great for keeping Kosher. Capsule 16 Count (Pack of 1). 89 +$9. 2LB Don Pablo Water Process Colombian Decaf - Light Roast . 1K subscribers in the mokapot community. 2. It has hints of caramel, cocoa, and citurs. The supercritical carbon dioxide method is very similar to the methylene chloride solvent method except the solvent is carbon dioxide. 4. The swiss water decaf is a chemical-free decaf coffee that retains most of coffee’s precious flavor and potent antioxidants, making it the healthiest decaffeinated coffee on the market. Caribou Coffee Caribou Blend Decaf: Another ashy and smoky blend that was overwhelmingly bitter. Conventional decaffeinated coffee is processed using a number of chemicals, some of which have been shown to be carcinogenic. Coffee Pods & Froth Packets Kit. Peet's Decaf Major Dickason's Blend Dark Roast Ground Coffee 10. Each 12-ounce bag of decaf medium roast ground coffee is great for those keeping Kosher. It starts with dipping coffee beans in near-boiling water which extracts the caffeine and flavor. Our Signature Blend is a smooth, medium-bodied decaf coffee. Founded in 1853 in Gävle, Sweden by Victor Theodor Engwall, Gevalia Coffee has become a name synonymous. Decaffeinated coffee and its benefits on. 0 models ;Circumstances that may cause the filter basket to overflow or the coffee maker to brew slowly include excessive amounts of ground coffee or a grind that’s too fine. Discover more about the small businesses partnering with Amazon and Amazon’s commitment to empowering them. Gevalia Signature Blend K‐Cup® Coffee Pods fill your mug with rich and never-bitter light roast coffee. Gevalia House Blend Ground Decaf Coffee, crafted in the Swedish tradition, fills your mug with rich and never-bitter decaffeinated coffee. 49. Well, the amount of caffeine in decaf coffee varies. Whole-bean coffee must be ground by hand or a machine before brewing.